OLLI Workshop: History of the Middle East
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The Seljuk Empire
at its greatest extent, near the end of the 11th century.(Adapted
from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seljuk_Empire_locator_map.svg) |
The Ayyubid sulatnate (Saladin's) at the end of the 12th century. Crusader states are shown in black (barely visible) along the Mediterranean coast.(Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayyubid_Dynasty_1171_-_1246(AD).PNG) |
Roman empire at 1156 after the losses to the Seljuk Turks and the recoveries as a result of the First Crusade. |
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Adapted from http://hobbit.ict.griffith.edu.au/~wiseman/Roman/Decline&Fall.html |
The Latin Empire (light gray), Latin Principalities (textured light gray), and Byzantine possessions in dark gray circa 1205. The Sultanate of Rum has also expanded. | The Roman Empire (in black) circa 1288. Some of the break-away Byzantine states (in textured black) recognize the emperor in Constantinople. In the Greek mainland the Principality of Achea and the Duchy of Athens are still in Latin hands as well as the islands of Crete and Cyprus. |
Left adapted from
http://hobbit.ict.griffith.edu.au/~wiseman/Roman/Decline&Fall.html |
The Crusades at a Glance | |||
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The Crusaders: Western Europeans (French,
German, English). Their Opponents: Mameluk armies under Seljuk or Ayyubid Turk rulers. The Role of the Byzantines: Originally allies of the Crusaders, very soon Opponents. |
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Goal: Ostensibly to liberate the Holy Land from Muslim rule. In reality looting of the riches of the region (hence their attacks on the Byzantines). | |||
Crusade | Years | Leader(s) | Comments |
People's | 1096 | Peter the Hermit | Slaughtered by the Seljuk Turks in Asia Minor. |
First | 1097-1099 | "Liberation" of Jerusalem. Establishment of four crusader states around Jerusalem, Edessa, Antioch, and Tripoli. | |
Second | 1147-1149 | Kings Louis VII and Conrad III | Atrocities against the Jews in Rhineland. No gains in the Holy Land. However success in the West, taking Lisbon from the Muslims. |
1187 |
Saladin recovers Jerusalem |
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Third | 1191 | Richard the Lionhearted and Frederick I | Capture of Cyprus from the Byzantines. Recapture of Acre and Jaffa from the Turks. |
Fourth | 1204 | Capture of Constantinople. Establishment of Crusader states in Byzantine Lands. | |
Fifth | 1217-1221 | Some initial success in Egypt, but eventual defeat. | |
Sixth | 1228-1229 | Emperor Frederick II | Brief recapture of Jerusalem. |
Seventh | 1248-1254 | Louis IX of France | Attacks at Egypt, but no gains. Templar Knights appear on the scene. |
Eighth | 1270 | Louis IX of France | Diverted to Tunis where Louis died. |
Ninth | 1272 | Did not achieve anything. Last crusader state in Acre fell in 1291. |